What happened today in history?

Al Attles, an influential figure in basketball history, known for coaching the Golden State Warriors to the 1975 NBA Championship, has sadly passed away at the age of 87, leaving a lasting legacy as a player and coach.

Humberto Maschio, the legendary Argentine-Italian soccer forward and manager, passed away at 91. He represented Argentina and Italy on the international stage and played for esteemed clubs, leaving a profound legacy in soccer.

2023 Bill Vukovich II, American auto racer (Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year 1968; Indianapolis 500 1973 runner-up), dies at 79

Isabel Crook, a pioneering Canadian-British anthropologist, author of 'Prosperity's Predicament' and professor, passed away at 107 on August 26, 2023. Her profound contributions to anthropology and education leave a lasting legacy.

Naushad Ali, a pivotal figure in Pakistani cricket, passed away at 79. Known for his skills as a wicketkeeper and later as a match referee, his legacy in the sport will be long remembered and celebrated.

Tom Weiskopf, the American golfer who won the British Open in 1973 and the US Senior Open in 1995, passed away at 79 in August 2022. His impressive career and influence in the sport will be remembered for generations.

Peter Ind, a renowned British jazz double bassist, passed away at 93 in 2021. His incredible contributions and influence on the jazz scene, along with his legacy, continue to inspire musicians and fans alike.

Tom T. Hall, a cherished American country singer and songwriter known for 'Harper Valley PTA', tragically died from a self-inflicted gun wound at age 85 in 2021, leaving behind an influential legacy in music.

2000 Henry Austin, British tennis player (3-time Grand Slam runner-up), dies of complications from a fall at 94

2020 Frankie Banali, American heavy metal drummer (Quiet Riot - "Cum on Feel the Noize"), dies of pancreatic cancer at 68

Russ Conway, a renowned American sports journalist known for his work on the Eagleson NHL scandal, passed away in 2019 at the age of 70 due to heart disease. His legacy in sports journalism remains significant.

1995 William Kennedy, American MLB baseball pitcher, 1942 & 1946-7 (Washington Senators), dies at 76

2018 Charles Blackman, Australian figurative artist (Heide circle), dies at 90

Eddie Willis, acclaimed American guitarist and sitar player known for his work with The Funk Brothers, passed away in 2018 due to complications from polio. His legacy continues through the timeless Motown hits he helped create.

Fredell Lack, an accomplished American concert violinist and educator at the University of Houston, passed away in 2017 at 95. Her legacy continues through her profound influence on students and the classical music community.

Wilhelm Killmayer, the esteemed German composer, passed away on June 18, 2017, at the age of 89. Renowned for his contributions to contemporary classical music, his unique style and innovative compositions left a lasting legacy.

Brian Rix, the beloved British actor and activist, passed away at the age of 92 on July 20, 2016. Renowned for his comedic performances and dedication to the charitable organization Mencap, his legacy of laughter and advocacy continues to inspire many.

Irving Fields, a prominent American lounge pianist and composer known for his work on the Ilona Massey Show and the iconic Bagels & Bongos album, passed away at the age of 101 in 2016, leaving behind a unique musical legacy that continues to inspire.

Louis Smith, the renowned jazz trumpeter, composer, and educator, passed away at the age of 85 in 2016. His influence on jazz music and his dedication to teaching shaped the careers of many musicians, leaving an enduring legacy in the world of jazz.

Matt Roberts, the talented guitarist of 3 Doors Down, tragically passed away in 2016 due to a prescription drug overdose at the age of 38. His work left a lasting impact on rock music, despite his struggles with addiction.

Egon Bahr, a key architect of Ostpolitik and a significant figure in German politics, passed away at 93 in 2015. His contributions to improving relations with Eastern Europe during the Cold War remain influential today.

2015 Melody Patterson, American actress (F Troop), dies at 66

2015 Piotr Warzecha, Polish composer, dies at 74

Hugh "Buddy" MacMaster, the revered Cape Breton fiddler, passed away on July 16, 2014, at the age of 89. His exceptional talent, dedication to teaching, and influence on traditional music have left an indelible mark on the world of fiddling.

B.K.S. Iyengar, a pivotal figure in making yoga globally accessible, passed away on August 20, 2014, at the age of 95. His innovative teaching methods and dedication transformed the practice of yoga, inspiring millions worldwide.

Elmore Leonard, the acclaimed author known for his captivating crime fiction novels, passed away on August 20, 2013, at age 87, due to complications from a stroke. His legacy includes iconic works like 'Glitz' and 'Mr. Majestyk,' which continue to influence writers and entertain readers.

Marian McPartland, renowned British jazz pianist and host of 'Marian McPartland's Piano Jazz,' passed away at age 95 in 2013, leaving a profound legacy in the world of jazz music and radio broadcasting.

Richard Angas, a prominent British operatic bass singer, passed away in 2013 at the age of 71. Renowned for his performances with the English National Opera, Angas leaves behind a legacy of musical excellence and contributions to the opera community.

Dom Mintoff, a pivotal figure in Maltese history, passed away at 96 in 2012. Serving as Prime Minister during crucial periods, he significantly influenced Malta's independence and welfare reforms. His legacy continues to shape Malta today.

Meles Zenawi, key Ethiopian politician and Prime Minister from 1995 to 2012, passed away at age 57 due to liver cancer. His legacy includes significant economic reforms, alongside controversies regarding his authoritarian rule. His death marked a pivotal moment in Ethiopian politics.

Larry Knechtel, a renowned American session musician known for his work with Simon and Garfunkel and Johnny Rivers, passed away from a heart attack in 2009 at the age of 69, leaving behind a rich legacy in music.

Gene Upshaw, renowned NFL guard for the Oakland Raiders and influential NFLPA leader, passed away on August 20, 2008, at 63. His legacy in football and player rights continues to inspire. Discover the life and accomplishments of this remarkable athlete.

Margaret Douglas, the renowned chief political adviser at the BBC, passed away in 2008 at the age of 73, leaving behind a legacy of strategic communication that shaped political discourse. Her contributions to media ethics and effective advisement continue to inspire political strategists today.

Stephanie Tubbs Jones was a pioneering American politician from Cleveland, Ohio. As the first African American woman elected to Congress from Ohio, she significantly influenced civil rights and healthcare reform during her tenure from 1999 until her passing in 2008.

2007 Berthold Grünfeld, Czech-Norwegian psychiatrist, sexologist, and educator, dies at 75

Larry Hartsell, an influential martial artist and student of Bruce Lee, passed away in 2007 at the age of 65. Known for his training and work as a bodyguard, Hartsell made significant contributions to martial arts, inspiring countless individuals through his teachings.

Leona Helmsley, dubbed the 'Queen of Mean', died on August 20, 2007, at the age of 87. Her life was marked by both opulent wealth and a notorious tax evasion conviction, cementing her as a controversial figure in American history.

Roch La Salle, a prominent Canadian politician, passed away in 2007 at the age of 79. His life was marked by dedicated public service, major contributions to healthcare and education, and a lasting legacy that continues to inspire future generations.

2006 Bryan Budd, British soldier (Afghanistan), dies at 29

Claude Blanchard, a versatile French Canadian singer, comedian, and actor, passed away in 2006 at the age of 74, leaving a lasting legacy in the entertainment industry. His unique blend of humor and music made him a beloved cultural icon in Quebec.

Joe Rosenthal, iconic American photographer known for his Pulitzer Prize-winning photo 'Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima', passed away at 94. His work remains a powerful symbol of American resilience during WWII.

2006 Richard Arthur de Yarburgh-Bateson, 6th Lord Deramore, British architect, dies at 95

Krzysztof Raczkowski, a renowned Polish heavy metal drummer, died at 34 from heart failure. Known for his work with the band Vader, he left a remarkable legacy that has inspired countless musicians.

Harry Wich, a celebrated Dutch painter and set designer, passed away in 2002 at the age of 76, leaving a profound impact on the arts community with his innovative designs and vibrant artwork.

Fred Hoyle, a pioneering English astronomer and science fiction writer, known for the Steady State Theory and coining the term 'Big Bang', passed away on August 20, 2001, at the age of 86. His contributions to both science and literature continue to influence and inspire.

2001 Kim Stanley [Patricia Reid], American actress (Séance on a Wet Afternoon, The Chase, Right Stuff), dies at 76

Bobby Sheehan, bassist for Blues Traveler, tragically died of a drug overdose at 31 in 1999. His musical contributions, especially to hits like "Run-Around", and struggles with addiction highlight the extreme highs and lows of rock and roll life.

1998 Raquel Rastenni, Danish singer ("Seven Lonely Days"), dies at 82

Norris Bradbury, an influential American physicist and director of the Los Alamos National Laboratory, passed away in 1997 at the age of 88. His pioneering work during the Manhattan Project and his leadership contributed significantly to advancements in nuclear physics.

Beverley Whitfield, an acclaimed Australian swimmer and gold medalist from the 1972 Olympics, sadly passed away in 1996 at the age of 42. Her exceptional achievements continue to inspire future generations of athletes.

1996 Rio Reiser, German rock singer ("Ton Steine Scherben"), dies at 46

Hugo Pratt, the legendary graphic artist and creator of Corto Maltese, passed away in 1995 at the age of 68. His innovative storytelling and artistic style changed the comic industry, leaving a lasting legacy that continues to inspire.

John Gilmore, the renowned jazz tenor saxophonist and bandleader of the Sun Ra Arkestra, passed away in 1995 at the age of 63 from emphysema, leaving behind a powerful legacy in avant-garde jazz.

Orville 'Red' Rhodes, an acclaimed American session pedal steel guitarist, died on May 10, 1995, at 64. Known for his innovative techniques, Rhodes significantly influenced rock and country music, collaborating with many legends. His legacy continues to inspire musicians today.

Paul Foster, a celebrated American gospel singer of The Soul Stirrers, passed away on June 28, 1995, at the age of 75. His legacy continues to inspire future generations of gospel musicians, leaving an indelible mark on the genre.

Vladimír Škutina, a renowned Czechoslovakian writer and actor, passed away in 1995 at the age of 64 from cancer. His legacy in storytelling and performance continues to inspire generations, with notable works like 'Hvezda jede na jih' showcasing his significant influence on the arts.

Aleksander Petrovic, a prominent Serbian film director known for 'I Even Met Happy Gypsies', passed away in 1994. His legacy in storytelling continues to inspire filmmakers and captivates audiences with his unique approach to cinema.

Kalman Kahana, a Polish co-founder of Israel, passed away in 1994 at the age of 81. His pivotal role in the establishment of the state and his leadership in the Zionist movement left a lasting impact on Israeli society.

Revilo P. Oliver, a right-wing advocate and controversial figure, passed away at age 86. Known for his claims that Lee Harvey Oswald was part of a Soviet conspiracy related to JFK's assassination, his legacy continues to provoke debate.

Bernard Delfgaauw, the Dutch philosopher known for his profound discussions on ethics and the intrigue surrounding the Johnson murder case, passed away in 1993 at the age of 80. His legacy continues to inspire philosophical inquiry.

Sydney Arnold, a celebrated British comic actor known for his roles in films like 'The Meaning of Life' and 'Top Secret!', passed away at the age of 93 in 1993, leaving behind a significant legacy in the world of comedy.

On June 15, 1992, Ivan Nikolayevich Anikeyev, a Russian cosmonaut labeled as 'lost,' died at 59. His life reflects the overlooked narratives of the Soviet space program amidst the Cold War space race.

William Taylor, influential banking regulator and FDIC Chairman, died in 1992 at age 53 due to surgical complications. His leadership shaped banking regulations during a critical era in American finance.

1991 Betty Bowden, British dancer and actress (Vote for Nigel), dies at 86

Lenore Strunsky Gershwin, widow of lyricist Ira Gershwin, passed away in 1991 at the age of 90. She played a key role in preserving her husband's musical legacy and influencing arts and culture in America.

1990 Marc Turfkruijer, Flemish football referee, movie journalist, and writer, dies at 90

George Adamson, British conservationist known as the 'Father of Lions,' was tragically murdered in Kenya in 1989 at the age of 82. His legacy of wildlife conservation continues through the stories he shared, particularly through 'Born Free.'

Donn Bennett, renowned TV host of 'The Big Idea', passed away in 1986 at age 76. His influential career inspired countless viewers and studios, highlighting innovation and creativity in television. His legacy remains a benchmark for aspiring entertainers and broadcasters alike.

Milton Acorn, the renowned Canadian poet, passed away in 1986. Known for his powerful verse and activism, his legacy continues to inspire future generations, reflecting themes of social justice and the human experience.

1986 Thad Jones, American jazz saxophonist, flugelhorn player, arranger, bandleader, and composer (Count Basie; Thad Jones/Mel Lewis Orchestra), dies of cancer at 63

1986 Walter Brooke, actor (DA Scanlon-Green Hornet), dies at 71

Harchand Singh Longowal, a prominent Sikh leader and President of the Akali Dal, was assassinated on August 20, 1985. His death came shortly after signing a peace accord with the Indian government, marking a critical moment in the turbulent history of Sikh politics during the Punjab insurgency.

In 1983, 15-year-old Kerwin Duinmeijer, of Antillean descent, was tragically murdered in a racially motivated attack. His death prompted national outrage and dialogue about racism in the Netherlands, leaving a lasting impact on the fight for racial equality.

Ulla Jacobsson, a renowned Swedish actress famous for her roles in 'Zulu' and 'One Summer of Happiness', tragically passed away from bone cancer in 1982. Her legacy continues to inspire filmmakers and actors across generations.

Joe Dassin, the iconic French-American singer known for hits like Les Champs-Élysées, died on August 20, 1980, at just 41. His music bridged cultures and continues to resonate with audiences worldwide.

Ivan Jirko, a Czech composer, music critic, and psychiatrist, passed away in 1978 at the age of 51. His contributions to music and psychology paved the way for understanding the emotional impact of music, leaving a lasting legacy in both fields.

Phyllis Konstam, a notable British actress renowned for her roles in 'Murder' and 'Skin Game,' passed away in 1976 at the age of 69. Her legacy lives on through her impactful performances in cinema and theatre, inspiring future generations of actors.

Ilona Massey, a Hungarian-American actress and singer, passed away from cancer on August 23, 1974, at the age of 64. Her work in films and on her radio show left a lasting impact on the entertainment industry.

A. M. Klein, the influential Canadian modernist Jewish poet known for "Hath Not a Jew," died in 1972 at the age of 63. His legacy captures the Jewish experience in Canada, exploring deep themes of identity and belonging through his evocative poetry.

Rashid Minhas, a Pakistani Air Force pilot born in 1951, sacrificed his life during a hijacking attempt in 1971. His heroic actions prevented critical military technology from falling into enemy hands, earning him recognition as a national hero.

1970 Hildo Krop, Dutch modernistic sculptor, dies at 86

Channing H. Cox, the 49th Governor of Massachusetts, died at the age of 88 in 1968. He influenced numerous educational and social reforms, leaving a lasting legacy in American politics.

Joan Voûte, a renowned Dutch astronomer, made significant contributions to the field of astronomy during his lifetime. He passed away in 1963 at the age of 84, leaving behind a legacy of pioneering work and inspiration for future generations.

Vilhjalmur Stefansson, a notable Canadian-American Arctic explorer and ethnologist, died on August 26, 1962. His explorations and studies greatly enhanced the understanding of Arctic regions and the cultures of indigenous peoples.

Percy Williams Bridgman, an acclaimed physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1946, passed away on August 20, 1961. His pivotal studies in high-pressure physics and innovations like the hydraulic press have significantly shaped modern physics and materials science.

1960 Rudolf Moser, Swiss composer, dies at 68

Alfred Kubin, the notable Austrian writer and illustrator, died at the age of 82 on March 20, 1959. Renowned for his impactful contributions to literature and art, his legacy continues to influence artists and writers today.

Kurt Schumacher, an influential German politician and leader of the SPD, died in 1952 at age 56. A political prisoner during WWII, he dedicated his life to democracy and social justice, shaping the modern political landscape in post-war Germany. His legacy persists in social democratic ideals.

David John de Lloyd, a notable Welsh musician and composer, died in 1948 at 65. Renowned for his blending of folk and classical music, his contributions have left a lasting impact on Welsh cultural heritage.

Franz VM Cumont, a Belgian religious historian, passed away at the age of 79 in 1947. His pioneering work on ancient religions, especially Mithraism, left a lasting impact on religious studies, influencing future scholars through his rigorous methodologies and comprehensive narratives.

John "Rags" Ragland, an influential American burlesque comedian and actor, died at 40 in 1946 due to liver and kidney failure. His vibrant performances in film and theater, especially in 'Whistling In The Dark', left a lasting mark on American comedy.

1945 Alexander Roda Roda, Austrian writer, dies at 73

Edward Weston, an influential English-born American electrical engineer, passed away in 1936 at the age of 86. Best known for inventing the portable voltmeter, his work revolutionized electrical measurement, leaving a lasting impact on technology.

Explore the life and legacy of Otakar Ostrčil, a prominent Czech composer and conductor, known for his work 'Křížova cesta' and his role at the National Theater. His music continues to influence modern compositions even after his death in 1935.

Emille-Louis-Victor Mathieu was a celebrated composer whose death in 1932 at the age of 87 marked a significant loss for the world of classical music. His innovative compositions and influence continue to resonate today.

1932 Paul Keller, German writer (Vergrabenes Gut), dies at 59

In 1932, Tadeusz Joteyko, a prominent Polish composer known for his blend of folk elements and classical music, passed away at the age of 60. His legacy continues to influence modern compositions in Polish music.

Waldemar von Baussnern, an influential composer, conductor, and pianist, passed away in 1931. His rich contributions to classical music continue to resonate, leaving a legacy that inspires musicians even today.

Charles Bannerman, the first centurion in Test cricket with a score of 165*, passed away in 1930 at the age of 79. His incredible achievements during the 1877 Test match set a high standard for future generations, making his legacy timeless in the sport.

Gregor MacGregor, an English cricket wicket-keeper and Scottish rugby union player, passed away in 1919 at the age of 49. His remarkable talent in both sports left an indelible mark and inspires future athletes.

Adolf Ritter von Baeyer, a renowned German chemist and Nobel Prize winner, passed away on August 20, 1917. His groundbreaking work in organic chemistry, especially regarding indigo dye, left an enduring impact on the scientific community. His legacy continues to inspire future generations of chemists.

The death of Paul Ehrlich on August 20, 1915, marked a significant loss in the medical field. Renowned for his groundbreaking work in chemotherapy and as a Nobel laureate, Ehrlich's legacy continues to influence modern medicine.

Pope Pius X, the 257th Roman Catholic Pope known for lowering the age of Communion, died on August 20, 1914. His papacy focused on orthodoxy and reform, leaving a significant impact on the Church's direction.

Discover the life and career of Arthur Coquard, a French composer and music critic. His contributions to music and journalism were significant before his passing in 1910 at the age of 64.

In 1908, the French composer Louis Varney passed away at the age of 64. Known for his operette works, his music left a significant mark on the French cultural landscape, inspiring future generations of artists and composers.

David Wark, an Irish-born Canadian senator who served for almost 38 years, passed away in 1905 at the remarkable age of 101. His dedication to public service and contributions to Canadian politics left a lasting legacy.

Jules Laforgue, a remarkable French poet born in 1860, tragically passed away in 1887 at just 27 due to tuberculosis. His literary contributions, particularly in 'Les Complaintas', left a lasting impact on modern poetry, blending melancholy with modernist themes.

Edouard J. A. Agneessens, a talented Flemish painter known for his work 'Slave Market', died at the age of 42 in 1885. His impactful art shed light on historical issues, leaving a legacy that inspires artists today.

Brigadier General Daniel Chaplin, a respected leader in the Union Army during the Civil War, passed away on December 12, 1864. His dedication and tactical expertise significantly influenced military strategies, and his loss deeply affected the morale of Union troops.

Brigadier General John H. Kelly, a Confederate leader, tragically died in battle at the young age of 24 in 1864, marking a significant loss for the Confederate Army during the Civil War.

1856 Philipp Jakob Riotte, German composer, dies at 80

On this day in 1825, we commemorate the death of composer and church organist Richard Wainwright, whose musical contributions left a significant mark on sacred music. At 68, he passed away, leaving behind a legacy that influences musicians to this day.

William Waldegrave, 1st Baron Radstock, the Governor of Newfoundland, died at 72 in 1825, leaving behind a legacy of leadership and economic development in the colony that influenced its future significantly.

Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus, prominent German encyclopedia publisher, passed away on January 20, 1823, at the age of 51. His legacy endures through the well-respected Brockhaus Encyklopädie, which revolutionized how knowledge was shared and accessed.

Jan Krtitel Vanhal, a Czech organist and composer, died on January 17, 1813, at the age of 74. His contributions laid the foundation for future classical music and influenced many later composers.

Johann Baptist Wanhal, a renowned Czech composer and music educator, passed away in 1813 at the age of 74. His contributions to classical music through his compositions and educational efforts left a lasting legacy, cementing his place in music history.

The death of Louis-Antoine de Bougainville on August 31, 1811, marks the loss of a pioneering French admiral and explorer who significantly impacted maritime exploration, particularly regarding the Falkland Islands and Bougainville Island.

1804 Charles Floyd, only fatality of the Lewis and Clark Expedition

Johann Christian Gottlob Eidenbenz, a German composer, passed away at just 37 in 1799. His contributions to classical music, despite his early death, left a lasting legacy that continues to resonate with musicians and audiences alike.

Enrique Florez, a prominent Spanish historian, passed away in 1773, leaving behind a legacy of meticulous historical scholarship, particularly through his work 'España Sagrada', and influencing future historians with his rigorous methods.

Nicolas Gigault, a prominent French Baroque organist and composer, passed away in 1707 at the age of around 80. His intricate compositions and virtuosic performances left a significant mark on the Baroque music landscape.

1701 Charles Sedley, English playwright (b. 1639)

William Bedloe, an infamous English fraudster and informer during the Popish Plot, died at just 30 in 1680. His life was marked by deceit and manipulation, leaving a significant impact on the political climate of 17th century England.

Jacob Alting, a notable Dutch theologian, left a significant mark in the world of theology before his passing in 1679 at the age of 60. His contributions and thoughts continue to influence religious discourse today.

Cornelis de Witt, a prominent Dutch politician and naval commander famously involved in the Raid on the Medway, met a tragic end in 1672 when he was lynched by an angry mob, highlighting the tumultuous political climate of his time.

Edward Herbert of Cherbury, an influential English philosopher and military figure, died in 1648 at the age of 65. His philosophical legacy and insights into religion shaped future thought and marked a significant moment in English history.

Anne Hutchinson, a prominent Puritan preacher, was tragically killed during a Native American uprising in 1643. Her death highlighted the tension between colonial settlers and Indigenous tribes, as well as her enduring legacy as a champion of religious freedom.

Martin Opitz, a seminal German poet and historian known for his influential work 'Troerinnen', passed away in 1639 at the age of 41. His contributions to poetry and advocacy for the German language have left a lasting legacy in the literary world.

Valentin de Boulogne, a talented French painter, died at the age of 38 on February 18, 1632. His short-lived career left a lasting impact on Baroque art, influenced by Caravaggio's style. Boulogne's work continues to be celebrated, showcasing deep emotions and realism.

1603 Aḥmad al-Manṣūr 'the Golden', Moroccan ruler (1578-1603) who captured Songhai Empire, dies at 53 or 54 (alternative date 25 August)

In 1580, Portuguese historian Jeronymo Osorio passed away, leaving behind a rich legacy of historical texts that shaped the understanding of Portugal's past during an era of exploration and change.

Miguel López de Legazpi, a Spanish conquistador and the first Governor-General of the Spanish East Indies, died on August 20, 1572. His pioneering role in the colonization of the Philippines established a legacy that shaped the region's history for centuries.

Aefgen Listinck, a Dutch Anabaptist committed to her faith, was burned at the stake in 1538 for her beliefs. Her execution highlights the severe persecution faced by Anabaptists during a time of religious upheaval, inspiring future generations with her unwavering devotion.

Geert Groote, a significant figure in religious reform and education, passed away in 1384 at age 43. His legacy continues through the Brethren of the Common Life, emphasizing personal faith and community support.

On August 20, 1153, Bernard of Clairvaux, a prominent French monk, theologian, and saint known for founding Clairvaux Abbey and advocating for the Second Crusade, passed away. His contributions to monasticism and religious life continue to resonate today.

Pope John XIV, born Petrus Canepanova, served as Pope from 983 until his mysterious death in 984. His papacy was marked by tumultuous political conflicts in Rome and remains an intriguing subject in the history of the Church.

Mochta of Louth, a disciple of St. Patrick, was a notable early Irish Christian figure whose life was dedicated to spreading Christianity in Ireland. His missionary work led to the establishment of many churches, solidifying his legacy as a key saint in Irish history.