The Outbreak of Fighting in Amman
In September 1970, a violent conflict erupted in Amman, Jordan, marking a significant chapter in the region's complex history. This fighting involved Arabic guerillas affiliated with the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) battling against Jordanian government forces. Tensions had been escalating due to the increasing number of Palestinian refugees in Jordan after the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, leading to a power struggle that would unfold dramatically in the streets of the capital.
Understanding the Roots of the Conflict
The circumstances leading to this conflict can be traced back to the growing political presence of the PLO in Jordan. As Palestinian militants sought to strengthen their foothold, clashes with the Jordanian monarchy began to emerge, escalating fears within the government. King Hussein of Jordan viewed these guerillas as a direct threat to his authority and the stability of the nation, prompting a crackdown that set the stage for the September events.
The Events of September 1970
The situation reached a boiling point on September 16, 1970, when clandestine operations by the PLO and other leftist factions prompted Jordanian forces to take action. The subsequent days saw heavy fighting, with guerilla fighters and government troops exchanging fire in residential neighborhoods, resulting in significant civilian casualties and property damage.
The Aftermath of the Fighting
The fighting lasted for several weeks, culminating in a decisive military response from King Hussein’s forces. By the end of September, government troops had gained control over the city, leading to a weakening of the PLO’s power in Jordan. Thousands of Palestinians were forced to flee, many seeking refuge in neighboring countries such as Lebanon, further complicating the Palestinian refugee crisis.
The Legacy of Black September
The conflict, known as the Black September, not only altered the political landscape within Jordan but also had far-reaching effects on Palestinian resistance movements. This event symbolized a turning point, leading to a shift of PLO leaders to Lebanon, which would later become a major battleground in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
International Response and Repercussions
The international community's response to the fighting was mixed, with widespread concern over the loss of life and the implications for regional stability. The events in Jordan highlighted the complexities of Middle Eastern politics and the ongoing struggles faced by Palestinian groups.
Fun Fact
The Birth of Black September Organization
In response to the brutal operations against Palestinians during the fighting, a faction known as the Black September Organization was formed. This group would later gain notoriety for acts of terrorism, including the infamous Munich Olympics massacre in 1972.
Additional Resources
Recommended Reading on the Black September Conflict
For those interested in delving deeper into this pivotal event, consider reading The Palestinian Revolution by Charles D. Smith and Black September: The Story of the PLO by Stephen J. C. O’Connell to understand the deeper implications of this historic conflict.
Continue with Google