The Great Fire of Moscow: Napoleon in Flames

Overview of the Great Fire of Moscow 1812

The Great Fire of Moscow, which broke out in September 1812, is a significant historical event that coincided with the French invasion led by Napoleon Bonaparte. As the French forces entered Moscow after a protracted campaign, they were met not with a jubilant welcome but with chaos and destruction as flames engulfed the city, illuminating the sky. This catastrophic fire would play a pivotal role in shaping the outcome of the war.

Napoleon Bonaparte and His Invasion

In June 1812, Napoleon Bonaparte launched Operation Barbarossa, invading Russia with a massive army of over half a million troops. By September, he had reached Moscow, but rather than securing a victory, he found the city largely deserted. The Russian army, under the command of General Mikhail Kutuzov, had implemented a scorched earth policy, retreating and destroying resources, making it untenable for the French forces.

The Flames of War

The Great Fire began on September 14, 1812, just days after Napoleon's forces occupied the Kremlin. It was said to have started in a grain depot and quickly spread throughout the city. The flames consumed much of Moscow, destroying homes, churches, and historical landmarks, effectively erasing the face of the city. Reports suggest that the city's inhabitants and soldiers, desperate to salvage their possessions, fueled these fires out of spite and despair.

Consequences of the Great Fire

The catastrophic fire that swept through Moscow altered the course of the Napoleonic Wars. With supplies and shelter obliterated, the French army soon found itself in dire straits. The winter was approaching, and the lack of food and adequate goods, compounded by an inhospitable populace, led to disastrous conditions for the troops.

Decline of the French Army

Due to the devastation of Moscow, Napoleon was forced to make the difficult decision to retreat. The retreat would soon turn catastrophic; many soldiers succumbed to the harsh Russian winter, disease, and continued assaults from Russian forces.

Impact on Russian National Identity

The fire and the subsequent Russian resistance fostered a sense of national unity among Russians, galvanizing them against the foreign invaders. The legacy of the fire, coupled with the heroism displayed during the defense of Moscow, became intertwined with the Russian national narrative and identity.

Fun Fact

The Intrigue Behind the Flames

It is said that Napoleon himself watched the Great Fire from the Kremlin, which he expected would intimidate the Russians. Instead, the sight of a burning city symbolized resistance and resilience, marking the beginning of the end of his ambitious campaign in Russia.

Additional Resources

Recommended Reading on the Great Fire of Moscow

For those looking to explore the history further, consider reading "1812: Napoleon's Fatal March on Moscow" by Adam Zamoyski, which presents a detailed account of the campaign. Another excellent source is "The Napoleonic Wars: A Very Short Introduction" by Alexander Grab, providing a concise overview of the era.