US Invasion of Panama: The Ousting of Manuel Noriega

Name: US Invasion of Panama: The Ousting of Manuel Noriega
Start: 1934-12-20
Location: Unspecified

Background of the US Invasion

Manuel Noriega's Rise to Power

Manuel Noriega, a former military officer, served as the de facto leader of Panama from 1983 until 1989. Initially, Noriega was a staunch ally of the United States, providing intelligence on communist movements in the region. His involvement with the CIA and various clandestine operations solidified his power. However, over the years, his regime became increasingly corrupt and oppressive, leading to strained relations with the US.

Tensions Escalate

By the late 1980s, Noriega’s actions, including drug trafficking and human rights abuses, drew the ire of the US government. The situation escalated when Noriega annulled the results of democratic elections in May 1989, declaring himself the legitimate ruler. In response to his escalating tyranny and misrule, the US began considering more aggressive action.

The Invasion Commences

Operation Just Cause Begins

On December 20, 1989, the United States launched "Operation Just Cause," marking the beginning of a major military operation. Approximately 27,000 US troops, supported by aircraft and naval vessels, were dispatched to Panama. The stated aims were to protect American citizens, restore democratic governance, and capture Noriega.

Urban Warfare and Resistance

As US forces landed in Panama, they encountered fierce resistance from Noriega’s military troops. The streets of Panama City saw intense urban warfare, as soldiers battled drug trafficking militants and the Panamanian Defense Forces. Over the next few weeks, the US fought to gain control amidst a chaotic environment, leading to significant casualties and destruction.

Noriega's Ousting and Captivity

Search for Noriega

Despite the heavy military engagement, Manuel Noriega managed to evade capture for several weeks. He ultimately sought refuge in the Vatican Embassy, believing this would offer him protection. However, after intense pressure from US forces, including the use of loud music to drive him out, Noriega surrendered on January 3, 1990, but he was not caught during the actual invasion.

Aftermath of the Invasion

The invasion officially ended on January 31, 1990, with the US successfully establishing a new government in Panama. Noriega was later extradited to the United States, where he faced charges of drug trafficking and racketeering. His ousting marked a significant shift in US foreign policy, emphasizing the use of military intervention to address issues in Central America.

Fun Fact

Noriega's Legacy in Popular Culture

Manuel Noriega's life and downfall have inspired various films, documentaries, and books, showcasing the complexities of his character and the geopolitical tensions of the era.