The Invasion of Ethiopia: A Prelude to World War II

The Start of the Second Italo-Ethiopian War

Italy’s Aggression in 1935

In October 1935, Italy launched a full-scale invasion of Ethiopia, marking the beginning of the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. This invasion was fueled by decades of ambitions from Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, who aimed to expand Italy's colonial empire in Africa. Ethiopia, a nation symbolizing resistance against imperialism, became the target of this aggression.

The Ethiopian Response

Led by Emperor Haile Selassie, Ethiopian forces prepared to defend their land against the well-armed Italian troops. Despite being outmatched in technology—particularly with the use of tanks and aircraft—Ethiopia's army utilized guerilla tactics and the familiarity of their terrain to mount a defense. Haile Selassie’s leadership and appeal to the global community highlighted the nation's resolve to maintain its sovereignty.

The Global Reaction to the Invasion

International Condemnation

The invasion of Ethiopia drew significant international attention and condemnation. The League of Nations, a precursor to the United Nations, faced criticism for its inability to intervene effectively. Various countries imposed limited economic sanctions on Italy, but this had little impact on the Italian war machine. The invasion illuminated the weaknesses within international diplomacy and the League's collective security strategy.

Haile Selassie Before the League of Nations

In 1936, Emperor Haile Selassie gave a passionate speech at the League of Nations, expressing his grief over the invasion and the lack of support from other nations, famously stating, "It is a violation of the sanctity of life and of the principles of justice... It is the collective efficacy of injustice which has resulted in the invasion of Ethiopia." His plea resonated with many but ultimately resulted in little tangible support for Ethiopia.

Aftermath of the Invasion

The Italian Occupation

The invasion culminated in the fall of Addis Ababa in May 1936, leading to a brutal occupation of Ethiopia by Italian forces. The occupation lasted until the defeat of Italy during World War II, and it was marked by extensive violence against Ethiopian civilians, including mass killings and the use of chemical weapons.

Ethiopian Resilience and Liberation

Despite the occupation, Ethiopian resistance continued throughout the years. By 1941, Ethiopian and Allied forces launched a successful campaign to liberate the country, restoring Haile Selassie to the throne. The war ultimately laid the groundwork for the rise of anti-colonial sentiments across Africa.

Fun Fact

Haile Selassie’s Legacy

Emperor Haile Selassie is not only remembered as a national hero but also as a prominent figure in the Rastafarian movement, which views him as a symbol of the African diaspora's fight against oppression.