What happened today in history?

What happened
today in history?
[ Nov 6 ]

2022 - Record-Breaking Powerball Jackpot of 2022

In 2022, the US Powerball jackpot reached an unprecedented $1.9 billion after more than three months without a winner, captivating the public's imagination and highlighting the thrill and challenges of lottery winnings.

2019 - The 2019 Attack on Tajikistan's Border Checkpoint

In 2019, a deadly attack claimed the lives of 17 individuals at a Tajikistan border checkpoint, marking a significant moment in the country's ongoing battle against Islamic State militants and raising concerns over regional security.

2018 - Colorado Votes to Abolish Slavery in 2018

In a historic vote in 2018, Colorado passed Amendment A, abolishing slavery as a punishment in the state constitution, showcasing a commitment to justice and civil rights. This event highlights the ongoing movement against penal labor and systemic injustices.

2018 - Insights from the 2018 Study on Human Longevity

A 2018 study published in 'Genetics' uncovered that only 10% of human longevity is linked to genetics, based on data from 400 million individuals on Ancestry.com, emphasizing the importance of lifestyle choices and environmental factors in aging.

2018 - Uncovering the Tragedy: ISIS Mass Graves

In 2018, a UN report revealed the discovery of over 200 mass graves containing thousands of ISIS victims in formerly controlled areas. This event highlights the extensive human rights abuses committed by the group and the ongoing struggle for justice and accountability for the victims.

2018 - Trailblazers: Davids and Haaland Make History

In 2018, Sharice Davids and Deb Haaland became the first Native American women elected to the US House of Representatives, marking a significant milestone in political representation and paving the way for future leaders.

2012 - Fresno Poultry Processing Plant Shooting Incident

In a tragic event on January 24, 2012, five individuals were shot at a poultry processing plant in Fresno, California, during a workplace dispute. This incident raised serious concerns about workplace violence and led to urgent discussions about safety measures.

2009 - World Building of the Year: Mapungubwe Interpretation Centre

The Mapungubwe Interpretation Centre in South Africa, designed by Peter Rich, garnered worldwide acclaim by winning World Building of the Year at the 2009 World Architecture Festival in Barcelona. This notable architecture celebrates the rich history of the Mapungubwe civilization while embracing sustainable design.

2007 - The Historic Opening of St Pancras Station in 2007

On November 6, 2007, Queen Elizabeth II officially opened the newly renovated St Pancras Station in London, marking a significant upgrade in UK rail travel with a high-speed Eurostar connection to Europe, blending historical architecture with modern transit.

Queen of the United Kingdom Elizabeth II

2006 - Record-Breaking Rainfall in Nehalem, Oregon (2006)

In November 2006, Nehalem, Oregon, broke its state rainfall record with 11.77 inches, surpassing the previous record from 1915. This significant weather event led to widespread flooding and raised important discussions on climate change and local preparedness.

2004 - The Ufton Nervet Train Disaster of 2004

The Ufton Nervet train disaster of 2004 occurred when an express train collided with a stationary car, resulting in six fatalities and over 150 injuries. This tragic incident raised significant concerns around railway safety and led to reforms in level crossing protocols in the UK.

2004 - The Suez Canal Blockage of 2004

In March 2004, the Liberian-flagged tanker 'Tropical Brilliance' ran aground in the Suez Canal, blocking all traffic for three days. This incident highlighted vulnerabilities in global shipping and the economic impact of maritime disruptions.

2001 - The 2001 NYMEX Crude Oil Price Plunge

In 2001, crude oil prices on the NYMEX dropped to a two-year low due to OPEC warnings about potential price spirals unless non-OPEC producers reduced output, highlighting the volatile nature of the oil market.

2001 - The Groundbreaking Premiere of '24'

The TV drama series '24', starring Kiefer Sutherland, premiered on Fox in 2001, revolutionizing television with its real-time format and captivating storytelling, following counter-terrorism agent Jack Bauer through intense and suspenseful plots.

Actor Kiefer Sutherland

1999 - 1999 Australian Republic Referendum

The 1999 Australian Republic Referendum saw voters choose to keep the British monarch as their head of state, significantly shaping Australia's national identity and discussions around republicanism.

1996 - The Premiere of 'The English Patient'

The English Patient, directed by Anthony Minghella, premiered in Los Angeles in 1996, becoming a critical success and winning nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture. It explores love and loss amid the backdrop of World War II, featuring memorable performances by Ralph Fiennes and Juliette Binoche.

Actor Ralph Fiennes

1991 - The Keck II Telescope: A Giant Leap for Astronomy

The unveiling of the Keck II Telescope in 1991 at Mauna Kea, Hawaii marked a significant advancement in astronomy. With its massive 10-meter mirror, it became the largest telescope at the time and continues to shape our understanding of the cosmos through major discoveries.

1991 - Release of Maximus 2.0 BBS in 1991

Maximus 2.0 BBS was released in 1991, revolutionizing the world of Bulletin Board Systems with its advanced features and user-friendly interface, leading to the growth of online communities and influencing future digital interactions.

1990 - The Kuwaiti Oil Fires of 1991

In 1991, retreating Iraqi troops set fire to over 600 oil wells in Kuwait, leading to an environmental disaster. The last of these fires were extinguished in November 1991, marking a crucial step toward ecological recovery.

Set alight by retreating Iraqi troops, Kuwaiti oil fires burnt long after the Gulf War finished

1988 - 1988 Japan & MLB All-Stars: A Historic 6-6 Draw

In 1988, the Japan and MLB All-Stars faced off in a thrilling game that ended in a 6-6 draw. This landmark event showcased the talent of players from both leagues and highlighted the cultural exchange fostered through baseball.

1988 - The 19th NYC Marathon: A Race of Triumph in 1988

The 1988 NYC Marathon showcased remarkable athleticism, with Steve Jones winning the men's race in 2:08:20 and Grete Waitz securing her ninth women's title. Their victories are celebrated in marathon history, inspiring countless runners.

Long Distance Runner Grete Waitz

1985 - The Historic 22nd NASA Space Shuttle Mission (STS-61-A)

The 22nd NASA Space Shuttle mission, STS-61-A, launched Challenger 9 on October 30, 1985, for a groundbreaking mission that included the first German Spacelab. The successful landing at Edwards AFB showcased international collaboration in scientific research in space.

1985 - Ranger Oil Blowout of 1985

In 1985, an oil blowout near Ranger, Texas, resulted in the release of 150,000 barrels of crude oil, causing environmental chaos and prompting changes in oil drilling regulations.

1985 - Successful Landing of the Challenger Space Shuttle in 1985

The Space Shuttle Challenger made a successful landing at Edwards Air Force Base in 1985, marking a significant moment for NASA as it continued its missions following the Shuttle disaster. It showcased technological resilience and the ongoing commitment to space exploration.

1977 - Tragic Dam Burst at Toccoa Falls Bible College

The 1977 dam burst at Toccoa Falls Bible College tragically claimed 39 lives, mainly students and staff. This incident led to significant changes in dam safety regulations and remains a somber part of the college's history.

1975 - Premiere of 'The Sunshine Boys' in 1975

In 1975, the film adaptation of Neil Simon's comedy *The Sunshine Boys* premiered, featuring iconic performances by Walter Matthau and George Burns. Burns' role earned him an Academy Award, marking a significant highlight in his illustrious career.

Playwright and Screenwriter Neil Simon

1975 - The Birth of Punk Rock: Sex Pistols' First Performance

The Sex Pistols, a groundbreaking punk rock band, performed their first concert at St Martins College in London on November 6, 1975. This pivotal moment not only launched their career but also catalyzed a cultural revolution in music, influencing generations to come.

Rocker Steve Jones
Band Manager and Pioneer of Punk Malcolm McLaren

1973 - The Making of 'The Man with the Golden Gun'

The 1973 filming of 'The Man with the Golden Gun' marked Roger Moore's second appearance as James Bond, featuring exciting stunts and the villainous Francisco Scaramanga, played by Christopher Lee, set in exotic Thailand locations.

Actor Roger Moore

1972 - Idris Elba Named Sexiest Man Alive in 2018

In 2018, British actor Idris Elba was named People magazine's Sexiest Man Alive, a title that celebrates talent and charisma. Elba's diverse career and cultural impact have made him a respected figure in Hollywood.

Actor Idris Elba

1971 - The 1971 Underground Nuclear Test at Amchitka Island

The underground nuclear test, known as Operation Mandrel, took place at Amchitka Island in 1971, marking the last of three nuclear tests conducted in that location. This event was pivotal during the Cold War and raised significant environmental and political concerns.

1970 - Todd Hollandsworth: 1996 NL Rookie of the Year

In 1996, Todd Hollandsworth made headlines as he claimed the National League Rookie of the Year award while playing for the Los Angeles Dodgers. His impressive performances established him as a key player in the league and a beloved figure in Dodgers history.

1968 - Tammy Duckworth: A Trailblazer in Congress

In 2012, Tammy Duckworth made history by becoming the first disabled woman and the first person born in Thailand to be elected to the U.S. Congress, representing Illinois. Her journey inspires many as she advocates for disability rights and veteran support.

US Senator Tammy Duckworth

1966 - The Historic 1966 NBC Color Telecast

On January 1, 1966, NBC made broadcasting history by airing the first entire television lineup in color, changing the landscape of television and engaging audiences in a vibrant new way. This milestone marked a significant shift in media consumption and technological advancement.

1966 - Launch of Lunar Orbiter 2 in 1966

Lunar Orbiter 2 was launched by NASA on November 4, 1966, to map the Moon's surface in preparation for future manned missions, significantly contributing to lunar exploration and technology advancement.

1966 - 1990 Braves' Dave Justice Wins NL Rookie of the Year

In 1990, Atlanta Braves outfielder Dave Justice made history by being awarded the National League Rookie of the Year. His outstanding first season set the stage for a remarkable career, igniting hope within Braves fans and showcasing his talent on the national stage.

1964 - The Launch of WEIQ TV Channel 42 in Mobile, AL

On August 21, 1964, WEIQ TV Channel 42 began broadcasting in Mobile, AL, marking a significant development in public television. As part of PBS, it became a vital resource for educational and cultural programming, enriching the community.

1962 - 1962 BART Bond Issue Narrowly Passed

The 1962 BART bond issue, critical for funding the Bay Area Rapid Transit system, passed narrowly with 66.9% of the vote, shaping public transportation and urban development across the San Francisco Bay Area.

1956 - 1956 Olympics: Netherlands and Spain Withdraw in Protest

In 1956, the Netherlands and Spain withdrew from the Olympic Games in protest of Soviet actions during the Hungarian Revolution, making a strong political statement about human rights and international relations. This marked a significant intersection of sports and global politics.

1955 - The 1955 Nuclear Test by the USSR

In 1955, the USSR conducted a significant nuclear test at the Semipalatinsk Test Site in Kazakhstan, marking a crucial moment in the Cold War arms race and raising concerns about nuclear proliferation and environmental health.

1955 - Mike Scott's Historic Cy Young Win in 1986

In 1986, Mike Scott of the Houston Astros made history by winning the NL Cy Young Award, showcasing exceptional skill with an 18-10 record. His incredible performance not only led to personal honors but also transformed the Astros into a playoff contender, leaving a lasting legacy in baseball.

1954 - Willie Hernandez's Unforgettable MVP Season in 1984

Willie Hernandez, a talented pitcher born in 1954 in Puerto Rico, achieved fame in the 1984 MLB season by winning the AL MVP Award. His performance was instrumental in leading the Detroit Tigers to victory in the World Series while showcasing the pivotal role of relief pitchers in baseball.

1950 - The Tragic Collapse of the Annabaai Bridge in Curacao

On October 17, 1967, the Annabaai Bridge in Willemstad, Curacao, collapsed under adverse weather conditions, resulting in 15 tragic fatalities. This disaster highlighted the need for improved infrastructure safety and community resilience in the face of challenges.

1950 - Howard Rollins' 1993 Drunk Driving Arrest

In late 1993, actor Howard Rollins was arrested for drunk driving, marking a significant turn in his life and career. Known for his powerful performances, including in "I'll Fly Away," this incident spotlighted the struggles he faced with substance abuse and its impact on his legacy.

1949 - Dusty Baker Named NL Manager of the Year 1997

In 1997, Dusty Baker, manager of the San Francisco Giants, was named NL Manager of the Year after leading the team to a successful season with a 90-72 record, marking a significant turnaround in the franchise's performance during his tenure.

1945 - First Jet Landing on an Aircraft Carrier in 1945

In 1945, the FR-1 Fireball made history by becoming the first jet to land on an aircraft carrier, the USS Wake Island, marking a significant milestone in naval aviation. This event paved the way for future jet fighters and transformed military air operations.

1943 - The Recapture of Kiev by Soviet Forces in 1943

In late 1943, Soviet forces recaptured Kiev, a significant moment in World War II that marked a shift in the Eastern Front. This victory played a critical role in weakening German forces and symbolized the resilience of the Soviet military.

1943 - 1943 Soviet Troops Land on Kertsj Peninsula

In 1943, Soviet troops executed a bold amphibious landing on the Kertsj Peninsula during World War II. This strategic action aimed to reclaim the peninsula from Axis control and significantly altered the power dynamics in the region, contributing to the larger Eastern Front military campaign.

1943 - Joseph Ada Re-elected as Governor of Guam in 1990

In 1990, Joseph Ada made history by being re-elected as the Governor of Guam, emphasizing local development and political resilience. His victory highlighted a shift in regional governance and community priorities during a time of change.

1941 - The Rovno Massacre: A Grim Chapter in World War II

In 1941, the Einsatzgruppen executed approximately 15,000 Jews in Rovno, Ukraine, marking a harrowing chapter in the Holocaust. This event serves as a sobering reminder of the atrocities committed during World War II and the need for remembrance.

1939 - The Birth of Commercial Television: WGY-TV Launches in 1939

On April 30, 1939, WGY-TV, the first commercial television station in the U.S., launched in Schenectady, NY. This event marked a pivotal point in media history, paving the way for the television industry and shaping modern entertainment. Discover the intricate details of WGY-TV's significant impact.

1939 - The Nazi Operation Against Academics: Sonderaktion Krakau

In 1939, the Nazi operation Sonderaktion Krakau targeted and arrested 184 professors in Kraków, aiming to dismantle Polish academia. This brutal act had lasting repercussions on intellectual life in Poland and exemplified the regime's oppressive tactics during World War II.

1935 - Jim Perry Wins the AL Cy Young Award in 1970

In 1970, Jim Perry, a pitcher for the Minnesota Twins, won the AL Cy Young Award, cementing his place in baseball history. His 24-12 season, leading in ERA, showcased his dedication to the sport and inspired future generations of athletes.

1931 - The Outlawing of the Communist Party in 1991

In 1991, Russian President Boris Yeltsin outlawed the Communist Party, following a failed coup that catalyzed democratic reforms. This bold decision marked a significant shift away from decades of Soviet rule, leading to both celebration and turmoil in Russian politics.

Russian President Boris Yeltsin

1928 - Cleveland Votes for a New Stadium

In 1928, Clevelanders decisively voted to fund the construction of a new stadium via city bonds, reflecting their passion for sports and desire for economic growth, paving the way for the iconic Cleveland Municipal Stadium.

1925 - The Relocation of the Cleveland Browns: A Historic Announcement

In 1995, Art Modell announced the controversial relocation of the Cleveland Browns to Baltimore, sparking outrage among dedicated fans and altering the landscape of the NFL profoundly. This pivotal moment in sports history highlights the challenges and emotions involved in team loyalty.

Businessman Art Modell

1923 - 1923 USSR's Experimental Calendar: The 5-Day Week

In 1923, the USSR introduced an experimental calendar featuring 5-day weeks to promote efficiency and productivity. This ambitious shift aimed to reflect the modern ideals of the post-revolution society, though it faced challenges and was short-lived.

1920 - Wojtyla's First Mass in 1946

Karol Wojtyla, who later became Pope John Paul II, held his first Mass on November 2, 1946, in Wawel Cathedral's crypt, marking a significant moment in his journey as a Catholic priest amidst post-war Europe.

264th Pope John Paul II

1919 - Military Rule Begins in Iran (1978)

In 1978, Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi imposed military rule in Iran, appointing General Gholām Reza Azhāri to govern amid rising dissent. This move intensified protests and led to the eventual Iranian Revolution.

Last Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

1918 - Coleman Young: Detroit's Trailblazing Mayor

In 1973, Coleman Young became the first African American mayor of Detroit, reshaping the city's political landscape and addressing significant socio-economic challenges. His legacy includes urban revitalization and a focus on equitable growth.

1917 - New York State Women's Suffrage Movement in 1917

In 1917, New York State became a leader in the women’s suffrage movement by adopting a constitutional amendment that granted women the right to vote in state elections, paving the way for future national reforms in women's rights.

1916 - Felix Gaillard: France's Prime Minister in 1957

In 1957, Felix Gaillard rose to prominence as France's Prime Minister during a critical time of political unrest and decolonization challenges, particularly concerning Algeria. His youth and approach to leadership brought hope, but his term was marked by struggles for stability.

1914 - The British Expedition to Mesopotamia in 1914

In 1914, British troops, mainly from the Indian Army, landed at the head of the Persian Gulf in Mesopotamia. This operation aimed to draw Turkish troops away from other fronts during World War I, leading to significant military engagements and geopolitical shifts in the region.

1911 - Reagan Defeats Mondale: The 1984 Landslide Election

The 1984 Presidential election saw Ronald Reagan re-elected in a landslide, winning 49 states against Walter Mondale. This decisive victory established Reagan's strong popularity and marked a significant moment in American political history.

US President and Actor Ronald Reagan
42nd Vice President of the United States Walter Mondale

1911 - 1986 Immigration Reform Bill Signed by President Reagan

In 1986, President Reagan signed the Immigration Reform and Control Act, a landmark legislation that aimed to address the issue of illegal immigration, providing a pathway to residency for millions and imposing penalties on employers hiring undocumented workers.

1910 - The 1910 Campaign for General Suffrage in the Netherlands

In 1910, the Social Democratic Workers' Party and the Netherlands Labour Union launched a campaign for general male and female suffrage, marking a significant momentum in the fight for voting rights in the Netherlands. This event emphasized the importance of equality in participation in democracy.

1906 - 1906 Reorganization of Chinese Government Ministries

In 1906, the Chinese government initiated a reorganization of its ministries aimed at constitutional reform. However, the Manchu princes retained control, providing little benefit to the Chinese populace and maintaining the status quo against the backdrop of growing discontent.

1902 - Abolition of Slavery in Saudi Arabia (1962)

In 1962, Saudi Arabia abolished slavery in a historic proclamation led by King Saud bin Abdulaziz al Saud. This pivotal decision marked a significant step towards modernity and human rights, reflecting the country's evolution and its response to global pressures against slavery.

1895 - The Premiere of "Catulli Carmina" in 1943

In 1943, Carl Orff's cantata "Catulli Carmina" premiered at the Leipzig Opera, highlighting themes of love and desire through modern composition inspired by Roman poetry, amidst the backdrop of World War II.

1890 - Eisenhower's Landmark 1956 Reelection Victory

In the 1956 presidential election, Dwight D. Eisenhower was re-elected as President of the United States, decisively defeating Democrat candidate Adlai Stevenson. This election underscored Eisenhower's popularity and established his lasting impact on American politics during the Cold War.

34th US President and WWII General Dwight D. Eisenhower
US Governor and Presidential Candidate Adlai Stevenson II

1888 - Harrison's Historic Victory over Cleveland in 1888

In 1888, Benjamin Harrison defeated incumbent Grover Cleveland in a pivotal presidential election. Harrison secured the presidency despite losing the popular vote. The political landscape at the time was intensely contested, reflecting major national issues.

23rd US President Benjamin Harrison
US President Grover Cleveland

1883 - The Inauguration of the American Cross-Country Championship

In 1883, the New York Athletic Club organized the first American Cross-Country Championship, marking a pivotal moment in athletics. This event not only showcased endurance racing but also laid the groundwork for the sport's future in the United States. It united runners across different terrains and sparked widespread interest in distance running.

1882 - FDR Re-Elected 1940

Franklin D. Roosevelt was re-elected for a third term in 1940, amidst global turmoil. His campaign strategy focused on economic recovery and foreign policy management, ultimately changing U.S. politics forever.

32nd US President Franklin D. Roosevelt

1874 - Herbert Hoover Elected President in 1928

In 1928, Herbert Hoover was elected as the President of the United States, defeating Al Smith. His presidency heralded the Roaring Twenties but was also marked by the onset of the Great Depression shortly after his inauguration.

31st US President Herbert Hoover

1870 - Closure of the Carson City Mint

The Carson City Mint, founded in 1870, closed in 1885 due to declining resources and silver prices. This significant event impacted the local economy and left a legacy in Nevada's history of coin production.

1870 - The Red October Revolution of 1917

The Red October Revolution of 1917 began on October 24 with the Bolsheviks' assault on the Winter Palace in Petrograd, leading to the overthrow of the Provisional Government and the rise of communist power in Russia. This event laid the foundation for the Soviet Union.

Protesters scatter in Petrograd shortly after Russian government troops opened fire

1869 - The First College Football Game in the US

The first college football game occurred on November 6, 1869, between Rutgers and Princeton, where players used their hands and feet, ending with a score of 6-4 in favor of Rutgers, marking a historic beginning in American football.

1869 - Mahatma Gandhi's Arrest in 1913

In 1913, Mahatma Gandhi was arrested during a protest supporting Indian miners in South Africa, marking a significant moment in his fight for civil rights. This event laid the groundwork for his future activism and leadership in the Indian independence movement.

Pacifist and Spiritual Leader Mahatma Gandhi

1867 - The Proclamation of the Republic of Poland in 1918

The Republic of Poland was proclaimed on November 11, 1918, marking a monumental return to sovereignty after 123 years. Key figure Józef Piłsudski emerged as a leading force in this historic change amidst the backdrop of World War I.

1864 - The Last Stand of the CSS Shenandoah

The CSS Shenandoah, led by Captain James Waddell, was the last Confederate warship to surrender after a remarkable global voyage that disrupted Union shipping, marking a fascinating chapter in the American Civil War's naval history.

1863 - The 1863 Battle of Rogersville: A Turning Point in Tennessee

The Battle of Rogersville in 1863 marked a Confederate victory as they recaptured the town from Union forces, showcasing the strategic military maneuvers pivotal during the Civil War. This event would influence subsequent strategies and highlight the intense conflict in East Tennessee.

1843 - McKinley Defeats Bryan: The 1900 Presidential Election

The 1900 U.S. Presidential Election saw the incumbent President William McKinley, with Vice President Theodore Roosevelt, defeating Democrat William Jennings Bryan, marking a significant moment in American political history amid debates on prosperity and economic stability.

25th US President William McKinley
26th US President Theodore Roosevelt
US Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan

1822 - The 1864 Battle of Droop Mountain: Averell's Raid

The 1864 Battle of Droop Mountain, part of Averell's Raid, was a pivotal clash in the American Civil War. Led by William W. Averell, Union forces aimed to disrupt Confederate supply lines, culminating in a significant victory for the Union troops against General John Echols's forces.

1809 - Lincoln's Historic Election of 1860

In 1860, Abraham Lincoln was elected the 16th President of the United States, becoming the first Republican to hold the office. His election spurred tensions leading to the Civil War, marking a transformational period in American history.

16th US President Abraham Lincoln

1739 - Battle of Jemappes: A Turning Point for the French Army

The Battle of Jemappes in 1792 was a pivotal event in the French Revolutionary Wars, where the French army defeated the Holy Roman Empire. This victory under General Charles Dumouriez boosted French morale and established their military strength in Europe.

1594 - The Gustavus Adolphus Pastry Tradition

In 1928, Swedes began a beloved tradition of eating Gustavus Adolphus pastries to honor the legacy of their king. These delectable almond-flavored treats symbolize Sweden's rich history and cultural identity, continuing to be cherished during commemorative events every year.

1578 - Canada's First Thanksgiving Celebration in 1879

In 1879, Canada celebrated its inaugural Thanksgiving Day, marking a significant cultural moment when the Parliament established a national day of gratitude that continues to be cherished. This event shaped future Thanksgiving traditions and community gatherings across the country.

1534 - The Devastating Storm of 1534 in Zealand

In 1534, a devastating storm struck Zealand, causing widespread destruction, flooding, and loss of life. This event reshaped the region's weather preparedness and maritime infrastructure, leaving a lasting impact on its communities.

1400 - The 1455 Lawsuit Over Gutenberg's Printing Press

In 1455, a significant lawsuit between Johann Gutenberg and Johann Fust resulted in Fust taking control of Gutenberg's printing press. While Gutenberg was recognized for his invention, he faced financial hardship following the court's decision that strained his ability to continue his groundbreaking work.

Goldsmith and Financier Johann Fust